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Continuing with these notes, with a charge to continue later the still unfinished part on foreign direct investment according to the latest publication of FDI on Latin America and the Caribbean of July 2025, we give way to our annotations and comments of our readings of studies and articles appeared in books, magazines, etc. on the character of society, the social relations of production and the class struggle in our country.
We write down, that in some cases we resort to cases on studies from other Latin American countries concerning production relations that are being given as a result of the evolution of semi -feudality for bureaucratic capitalism.
The Chairman Gonzalo applied Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, mainly from Maoism, our reality has shown how the semi-feudal and semicolonial character of contemporary Peru is maintained and develops new modalities, and particularly how it has developed bureaucratic capitalism on this basis throughout the process of contemporary society, a problem of transcendence to understand the character of society and the Peruvian revolution.
The character of contemporary Peruvian society, which not only persists but, amidst its irreversible general crisis and the process of being swept away by the People's War, is deepening, as we have seen in these notes. In this process, it lashes out like a mortally wounded beast..
Notations and comments make us see that bureaucratic capitalism does not allow the development of the national economy, therefore, what the revisionist and capitulationist LOD says that with "neoliberalism" Peru has become "capitalist" can only be the product of the fantastic movement in its head. What we should know is that they seek to confuse problems and thus aim to consider that there is a capitalist process that advances, and thus avoid and cover up bureaucratic capitalism.
As we have repeatedly cited, President Gonzalo expressly points out about it:
“... Some argue that raising bureaucratic capitalism in the country is to ignore its semi -feudal and semicolonial character; they say that it is covered by the country is capitalist. This is an error that does not know the laws of social development of our country and countries backward; Because, precisely, bureaucratic capitalism is nothing but the path of imperialism in a semi -feudal and semicolonial country, without semi -feudal and semicolonial condition there would be no bureaucratic capitalism, thus, raising the existence of bureaucratic capitalism is to raise as a premise that the country is semi -feudal and semicolonial ... "
With these annotations and comments we will see the specific, concrete situations in Peru (based on bureaucratic capitalism) that are leading to a unbridled dispossession of the property of the peasants. The expired semi -feudal system continues to subsist and mark the country from its deepest bases to its most elaborate ideas and, in essence, keeping the land problem persistent, engine of the peasant class struggle, especially poor that is the vast majority.
Studies quotes by bourgeois or small -minded authors:
Starting, from one of them we extract the following data and comments from the article “Great irrigations: a lot of noise and little water”, Laureano del Castillo, p. 95 of the magazine Debate Agrario No. 51, Cepes, Lima, February 2024:
- Since the 1990s, the Peruvian State has resumed the impulse of Great irrigations on the coast.
- The characteristic of this "new impulse" to irrigations is that these are great works that compromise huge basically state resources and, on the other hand, which is sought that the lands won are allocated to export production (consuming more than 44% of the national agricultural budget).
- In addition to the investment in the construction of tunnels, dams and large channels to drive the water to transfer.
- To benefit some companies.
- The State has been destined for more than two decades, consisting of subsidies to agricultural companies, especially those dedicated to agro -export, the most significant of them the reduction of income tax by 50 %.
- Of the total of the more than 2 million 200 thousand agricultural units that accounted for the last national agricultural census, these benefits reach only 0.1 %. These generous advantages do not reach 97 % of the agricultural units that include family agriculture, despite the validity of official laws and documents that remain in dead letter.
- After more than 80 years, the Olmos project was finally executed- do, but with significant changes. Following the established pattern for the construction of the early stages of the Chavimochic project, in which The sale of land in large lots was privileged, only a few companies They were awarding land in Olmos. Eleven of them concentrated the 84 % of the irrigated surface in the case of Chavimochic (48 thousand ha) and, In the case of Olmos, 14 companies, including Odebrecht (which was in charge of execute the irrigation work), the 38 thousand has auctioned were awarded.
- They are pending execution, however, different projects to Gación on the coast, such as Chinecas, Alto Piura and Majes Siguas II, to the last of which President Boluarte also referred to in her Message of July 28, 2024.
- Irrigation projects have been clearly oriented in last years towards agro -export. This happened when the pro- Motion to invite companies to participate in the land auction of Olmos. The centerpiece of this model was the so -called Agrarian Sector Promotion Law (No. 27360, published in 2000), which consisted of a series of tax benefits, true subsidies to companies, in addition to establishing a special labor regime for the workers of said agricultural companies.
- In order to know how much the subsidies were promoted to the dams in the land auction processes of irrigation projects to From 1990, CEPES developed an investigation that reviewed the subsidies In the investment, the subsidies in the sale of land and the fiscal subsidy in the public auctions carried out by the Cepri-Tierras of the projects Chavimochic, Chinecas, Chira-Piura, Jequetepeque-Zaña, Majes-Siguas, Olmos, Tinajones and Grande Pasto. Two of the study's conclusions were the following:
• The most forceful subsidy is the investment subsidy. The Peruvian State has managed to recover only 7 % of the total cost of irrigation projects. It is evident that these projects were not designed to recover the investment but, on the contrary, to subsidize the sector almost entirely. […]
• It was already mentioned, but it is important to remember, that land sales schemes, especially auctions, have only allowed entities with great financial capacity to access the property of new lands. The required requirements and the necessary investment in knowledge and money to develop these lands marginalized small agricultural and investor producers to access them. (Eguren, L., 2018, pp. 72-73)
The importance of agro -export:
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism thus celebrated this growth, in February 2023:
«Great news! Peruvian agro -exports achieved a new record in 2022 after reaching US $ 9,807 million, a 12.3 % figure higher than registered in 2021 »(Mincetur, 2023).
This growth has been given, however, at the expense of enormous public resources, the most important of them, the maintenance for more than 30 years of special tax and labor regimes (since Law No. 27360 was preceded by Legislative Decree No. 885, of on that law, its repeal and replacement by the current Law No. 31110 can be seen in Del Castillo (2022, pp. 17-19). Laureano del Castillo 1996), in addition to public investments in agricultural health and international market promotion. With all the importance of agro -export, there is an inconsible fact: the companies that benefited from this special regime were about 2 200 (as stated in early 2021 the then Minister of Agrarian Development, Federico Tenorio), while the IV Cenagro in 2012 showed that the universe of agricultural units was more than 2 million 200 thousand, which is equivalent to 0.1 %. Most agricultural units (97 %) are composed of small farmers and mifundistas, as indicated by the National Strategy of Family Agriculture 2015-2021.
After the facts extracted from the article “Great irrigations: a lot of noise and little water”, Laureano del Castillo, we commented:
WHAT REVEALS THESE BRIEF FACTS?
The facts exposed reveal to us how the two paths of the development of capitalism in agriculture that face and collide: the capitalism that gives them the lands, within the peasant road and the forms of capitalist property within the landowner path that evolves semi -feudality under bureaucratic capitalism. And whoever is the great bourgeoisie and imperialism.
1. Simply that the great bourgeoisie has appropriated the new lands incorporated into agriculture by the great irrigations of the State on the coast to its own benefit and that of imperialism. It is one of the ways in which the new concentration of the earth has developed in large estates, much greater than before the so -called “agrarian reform” laws.
2. The reaction, to develop its plans, above all, gives facilities to the great property, to the great bourgeoisie, to the landowners, to the imperialism so that they can invest in large areas for products that are exported, for the so -called export agribusiness.
3. But what kind of capitalism is the one that developed with these reactionary plans? The capitalism that gives the land to Campsino, within the peasant road or the forms of capitalist property within the landowner that evolves semi -feudality under bureaucratic capitalism? Who lords of all this?: The great bourgeoisie and imperialism.
4. The wagening of labor relations that is not accompanied by a full proletarianization and labor concentrations of importance in the field is developed. Because part of them are semiproletarians who work in their own lands in the mountains, are tied to the land, which is their land and work in the agro -industrial companies of the coast when there is more need for labor developing as semi -lesion. Another part are agricultural proletarians who have emigrated from the Sierra leaving the whole family dedicated to subsistence production in their own plot. Another part are proletarians without bonding with the earth.
The above is general in the entire agricultural process in the country, not only in agro -industrial companies, not only on the coast but also in the mountains and in the jungle (on this issue we will return many times thereafter).
5. It is a fact that the unemployed, temporary workers, hired agricultural wage earners, and semi-proletarians are large exploited masses and live in extremely harsh conditions, condemned to this situation by the very nature of the country, their situation of misery and precarious employment, reinforced by the labor laws themselves. This situation reveals a situation halfway between the regime of semi-feudalism and capitalist relations, characteristic of the path of bureaucratic capitalism that develops in our country based on the semi-colonial and semi-feudal condition.
6. The key here is the agricultural wage earner. Marxism has always insisted on this: this wage earner is closer to the proletariat than to the peasantry itself because they are brothers, brothers in different roles.
The section of the article "Large-scale irrigation: much ado about little water" by Laureano del Castillo, p. 95 of the magazine Debate Agrario No. 51, CEPES, Lima, February 2024, referring to the “importance of agro-exports,” which we will leave for future installments because it has to do with the fact that bureaucratic capitalism serves the needs of imperialism and is contrary to the interests of the country, including so-called “food security.”