April 17, 2022
Proletarians all countries, unite!
POLITICAL CRISIS IN AUSTRIA
“Every political
crisis, whatever its outcome, is useful in that it brings to light things that
have been hidden, reveals the forces operating in politics, exposes deception
and self-deception, catch-phrases and fictions, and affords striking
demonstration of “things as they are”, by forcibly driving them home.” ¹ (V. I. Lenin)
As part of the General
Crisis of the ruling world system, which is currently taking place unevenly but
on a world scale, the political crisis of the bourgeoisie is also deepening. It
is an expression of the intensifying class struggles, as well as the increasing
falling away of significant sectors of the working class and the masses from
the fraudulent system of parliamentarism and their rebellion and struggle
against the old rotten order. We are in the period of the decline of
imperialism and its decomposition phenomena are getting stronger expression
again especially since the 90s of the 20th century, which fully confirms that
the “main tendency is revolution and
that it remains so, just as Chairman Mao stated that it is developing”.²
The deepening
political crisis of the bourgeoisie in Austria is taking place in the midst of
and as part of the political crisis on a world scale. In Austria, the
sharpening of contradictions is expressed in struggles of the working class,
which, although mostly still developing on a regional level, are more frequent
and also increasingly prolonged. Significant sectors of the masses are also
coming into deeper contradiction with the ruling class, which in the last
period found expression in a prolonged popular movement. At the same time,
premature changes of government, reelections or the replacement of ministers
express the crisis of parliamentarism, in which the masses can be appeased less
and less with the previous means of deception. In the last two years, health
care also became a significant arena of class struggle and accelerated the
political crisis, leading, among other things, to the replacement of two health
ministers in the first two pandemic years (we see similar developments in other
countries, for example, more than half of all health ministers in EU countries
were replaced in the first pandemic year). However, the political crisis did
not develop with the pandemic, it intensified and condensed with it, and it is
essential to understand its foundations and specific conditions. As Chairman
Mao Zedong teaches, the internal contradictions form the main side and the
external contradictions work through the internal ones. As a small but mainly
regionally influential imperialist, Austrian imperialism comes under particular
pressure in the midst of the general crisis, which further accelerates the
political crisis. A change of chancellor twice in only three months (at the end
of 2021), but also the relatively rapid rise of new parliamentary
“alternatives” such as the reformist KPÖ Styria or the MFG (Menschen. Freiheit.
Grundrechte) express the need for new means of deception for the bourgeoisie.
The crisis of parliamentarism experiences a condensation in the midst of the
political crisis: Thus, in the past 20 years, there was only one government out
of six that lasted the entire legislative period, while in the 40 years
before “only” every second government broke down because of internal
contradictions between the different factions of capital and the loss of
confidence of broad sections of the masses.
As noted at the
beginning of the article, the political crisis is developing in the midst of
and as part of the General Crisis. Two important premises for the current
deepening of the political crisis in Austria will be addressed in the following
section.
Crisis of Social Democracy and Reformism
The crisis of Social
Democracy is one of the most essential premises for the deepening of the
political crisis, since it still represents the main instrument of the
bourgeoisie for the political suppression of the working class and the
influence of Reformism within it. In contrast, communists and revolutionaries
must be very vigilant and understand the meaning of this crisis in order to
develop and apply a correct political line. “What is new at the moment is that, in contrast to the last periods when
the semi-proletariat, white-collar workers and civil servants were the main
carriers of the daily political and trade-union protest of the working people,
now the industrial proletariat, the core of the workers’ movement, is also
coming into activity, even outside collective bargaining, which is a bastion of
social democracy and trade-union leadership and is therefore particularly
extensively and firmly controlled by it.”³ The basis for the crisis of
Social Democracy, apart from the intensifying process of attrition of the labor
aristocracy, lies in the falling away from it of ever broader layers of the
working class, the increased activity of the industrial proletariat being of
particular importance to the communists and revolutionaries. The spontaneous
and “wild” strike in April 2020 at the Greiner industrial company (Upper
Austria region), which was carried out without and against the trade union
bureaucracy, must be seen as a harbinger of this development. Along with
several other examples, the struggle against the closure of the MAN automobile
company in Steyr is the turning point of this development, where the industrial
proletariat was no longer under reformist and social democratic leadership for
a whole section of its struggle, but under proletarian leadership. Although
social democracy is not yet losing its hegemony within the working class on a
national scale, the increasing loss of influence and hegemony in local and
regional working class struggles should be understood as part of the
consolidation of its relative hegemony. The relative hegemony of social
democracy means that it is in erosion, rotten and porous, but the new is not
yet strong enough to advance into this “gap” on the national level as a whole.
The communist and revolutionary forces must know well how to fight for the
leadership and hegemony of the working class in those local and regional
struggles, but not to lose themselves in them, but at the same time
promote the national unification of the class struggles in order to develop
class consciousness and raise it to a higher level. On the other hand, it would
be wrong not to take up the struggle for the leadership of the industrial
proletariat under the pretext that it is still strongly tied to social
democracy on a national scale, because that would mean closing one’s eyes to
the new, that this tie is brittle and rotten.
The labor aristocracy,
the main social pillar of Social Democracy, is coming under increasing pressure
in the midst of the General Crisis, losing privileges and tending to be
triturated and diminished. Among other things, this means that it can no longer
exert its influence on the working class to the same extent and intensity as
before, thus accelerating the crisis of Reformism. The decline of the influence
of Social-Democratism in the working-class movement is clearly expressed in the
development of the party membership. Whereas the Social Democratic Party of
Austria (SPÖ) had 620,000 members in 1990, it had only 180,000 members in 2017,
a decline of 440,000 members in 27 years, or 16,296 per year. The crisis of
social democracy is also reflected in the trade unions, although there the
influence has declined less rapidly in comparison, which shows that the trade
union apparatus (ÖGB) is still an extremely important instrument for mitigating
the crisis symptoms of the SPÖ. Nevertheless, in 1981 the ÖGB still reached an
organizing density of 60% of all employees, while in 2019 it was only 32%. The
shrinking of the labor aristocracy and the increasing falling away of the
proletarian masses from the SPÖ are forcing the latter to look more and more
for a new mass base, which it is finding in the petty bourgeoisie.⁴
The crisis of Social
Democracy must therefore be given high attention by communists and
revolutionaries because, as part of the General Crisis, it is an expression of
the decline of imperialism and the main tendency of the revolution. Here should
also be emphasized the teachings of Generalissimo Stalin, who pointed to the
crisis of Social Democracy as part of the general decline of imperialism. “It is impossible to put an end to capitalism without putting an end
to Social-Democratism in the labor movement. That is why the era of dying
capitalism is also the era of dying Social-Democratism in the labor movement.”⁵ Even if social-democracy can still exert an influence on the labor
movement that cannot be underestimated, one must speak of a relative hegemony,
with the tendency of erosion in ever larger sectors. How profoundly and rapidly
this erosion will take place depends not only on various objective factors, but
also on how well the communists understand how to apply this general doctrine
of Marxism to the developing class struggles, to increase their influence in
the industrial layers of the proletariat, to expose Reformism and Revisionism,
and to push back the influence of Social Democracy.
Process of shattering the petty bourgeoisie
The second premise for
the deepening of the political crisis is to be found in the process of
shattering the petty bourgeoisie, which in the current situation is taking
place on a particularly rapid and profound scale. This process finds its
immediate political expression in the popular movement of critics of the
measures, which has been developing unevenly throughout the country for about a
year and a half now. Not only does the political orientation of this mass
movement correspond in many respects to the petty bourgeoisie, which has come
under pressure, but in terms of its social composition it is also a movement of
the intermediate strata, which, however, also mobilizes certain sectors of the
proletariat. For the communists, this movement is therefore of particular
importance, since it concerns the question of the proletariat’s allies.
What is the basis for
the accelerated shattering of the petty bourgeoisie? The current cyclical
crisis, which is taking place within the framework of the General Crisis of the
ruling system, leads in economic terms to an increased concentration and
centralization of capital. In order to stand up to this, the petty bourgeois
must raise its stakes, which in turn puts it under greater pressure. In
particular, the pressure is further increased by the fact that the cycles of
crises shorten and their effects last longer. With each crisis, however, the
stakes that must be brought to transform a certain sum of value into capital
increase. In this regard, the founder of Marxism, Karl Marx, teaches: “The minimum of the sum of value which the individual owner of money and
commodities must have at his disposal in order to turn himself into a
capitalist changes at different stages of the development of capitalist
production and, at a given stage of development, is different in different
spheres of production, according to their technical conditions.” ⁶ The deepening general crisis means for a relevant part of the
petty-bourgeois intermediate strata a descent into the proletariat and the
number of those parts of the petty-bourgeoisie for which the prospect of social
advancement really exists is reduced. The communists have to know how to
increase their influence among these sections of the people, and they are
struggling to mobilize, organize and politicize them under the leadership of
the proletariat. At the same time, the characteristics of the petty bourgeoisie
bring specific tasks for the proletarian vanguard, which also demand specific
methods and forms of struggle. Here, too, the teachings of Karl Marx are of
great importance for the current development of the class struggle: “The petty bourgeois is made up of on-the-one-hand and
on-the-other-hand. This is so in his economic interests and therefore in his
politics, religious, scientific and artistic views. And likewise in his morals,
in everything. He is a living contradiction. (…).”⁷
The upsurge of class struggles and popular movements and the role of the
proletariat
It is only the
proletariat, the only growing class, which, by virtue of its class position, is
capable of gathering the broad mass of oppressed and exploited around it
and leading it to the defeat of the bourgeoisie. The capitalist production
process multiplies, centralizes and organizes the proletariat, although
politically the proletarian movement is still fragmented and regionalized to a
significant degree. Substantial sections of the petty-bourgeois and
semi-proletarian intermediate strata are coming under increased pressure and
are on the move, significantly widening the political crisis of the bourgeoisie
in that it is also affecting sectors that have so far been relatively well appeased
by the bourgeoisie. The proletarian vanguard must therefore develop tactics and
establish appropriate methods that will allow it to mobilize, politicize and
organize the proletariat as a leading force capable of also leading and
organizing sectors of the people in the front. The great teacher Lenin defined
the special role of the proletariat of large-scale production as follows: “The overthrow of bourgeois rule can be accomplished only by the
proletariat, the particular class whose economic conditions of existence
prepare it for this task and provide it with the possibility and the power to
perform it. While the bourgeoisie break up and disintegrate the peasantry and
all the petty-bourgeois groups, they weld together, unite and organize the
proletariat. Only the proletariat — by virtue of the economic role it plays in
large-scale production — is capable of being the leader of all the working and
exploited people, whom the bourgeoisie exploit, oppress and crush, often not
less but more than they do the proletarians, but who are incapable of waging an
independent struggle for their emancipation.”⁸
The political crisis
of the bourgeoisie deepens with the development of the General Crisis. The old
instruments of the bourgeoisie for engaging and holding down the masses are
less and less capable of preventing the working class and the people from
falling away. The class struggles in the current period, the new situation,
reflect a certain culmination of contradictions, which further shakes the
political hegemony of the bourgeoisie and accelerates the development of an
acute pre-revolutionary crisis. In order to prepare the proletarian revolution,
which today takes the form of the people’s war, it is necessary to win the
vanguard of the proletariat and bring substantial sections of the people under
the hegemony of the proletariat. The new situation in which the communists and
revolutionaries find themselves today must make optimistic about these tasks
and raise the efforts for their fulfillment to new heights!
References
1. Wladimir I. Lenin:
More about the Political Crisis, 1914
2. Interview with
Chairman Gonzalo, 1988
3. Committees for the
Foundation of the (Maoist) Communist Party of Austria: Situation of the Working
Class Movement in Austria, 2021
4. The question of
replacing the mass base of social democracy is relevant in many aspects to
communist and revolutionary forces today, but is beyond the scope of this
article.
5. J. W. Stalin: The
International Character of the October Revolution, 1927
6. Karl Marx: The
Capital, MEW23, Ed.1, S.327
7. Karl Marx: Letter On
Proudhon, 1865
8. V. I. Lenin: The State
and Revolution, 1917
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